India Data Review

Work and earnings

43.0% of India's workers were in agriculture, forestry or fishing in 2025: 59.8% of working women and 34.3% of working men. A regular salaried job paid ₹22,699 a month on average; casual work ₹453 a day.

Where people work

Share of workers by broad industry, all India, 2022–2025. Current weekly status (what people did in the past seven days), the only basis on which MoSPI publishes this breakdown.

  • Agriculture, forestry & fishing
  • Industry (incl. mining, construction)
  • Services
0%25%50%75%100%20222023202420250%25%50%75%100%2022202320242025
Show as table
YearAgriculture, forestry & fishingIndustry (incl. mining, construction)ServicesTotal
202242.9%26.1%31.0%100.0%
202343.5%25.0%31.4%99.9%
202442.4%25.4%32.3%100.1%
202541.5%25.3%33.2%100.0%

MoSPI, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), usual status, via MoSPI's data service.

Share working in agriculture, 2025

Agriculture, forestry and fishing; current weekly status.

  • Women
  • Men
  1. All IndiaWomen: 58.8% · Men: 33.7%
  2. RuralWomen: 73.3% · Men: 47.3%
  3. UrbanWomen: 11.3% · Men: 5.3%
Show as table
WomenMen
All India58.8%33.7%
Rural73.3%47.3%
Urban11.3%5.3%

MoSPI, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), usual status, via MoSPI's data service.

Workers by industry, 2025

All India, share of all workers.

  1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing43.0%
  2. Manufacturing12.1%
  3. Construction12.0%
  4. Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles10.8%
  5. Transportation and storage4.5%
  6. Education3.3%
  7. Accommodation and Food service activities2.2%
  8. Other service activities1.9%
  9. Human health and social work activities1.6%
  10. Public administration and defence compulsory social security1.4%
  11. Information and communication1.3%
  12. Activities of hhds as employers, undiff goods services prod actvs of hhds for own use1.3%

MoSPI, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), usual status, via MoSPI's data service. The smallest 8 industries are in the table download.

Regular salaried jobs by state, 2025

Share of workers with a regular wage or salary. The rest are self-employed (including unpaid help in a family business) or casual labourers. MoSPI's All-India figures for this breakdown do not add up, so they are not shown.

  1. Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Daman & Diu74.3%casual 4.1% · self-employed 21.7%
  2. Chandigarh63.7%casual 6.7% · self-employed 29.6%
  3. Puducherry60.0%casual 15.5% · self-employed 24.5%
  4. Goa55.1%casual 9.5% · self-employed 35.4%
  5. Delhi54.7%casual 6.2% · self-employed 39.1%
  6. Sikkim43.9%casual 7.1% · self-employed 49.0%
  7. Kerala40.0%casual 22.3% · self-employed 37.7%
  8. Haryana39.4%casual 16.6% · self-employed 44.0%
  9. Andaman & Nicobar Islands38.1%casual 10.6% · self-employed 51.3%
  10. Tamil Nadu37.3%casual 26.5% · self-employed 36.2%
  11. Punjab36.2%casual 19.3% · self-employed 44.5%
  12. Lakshadweep33.1%casual 18.1% · self-employed 48.8%
  13. Maharashtra32.8%casual 20.3% · self-employed 46.9%
  14. Gujarat30.0%casual 13.1% · self-employed 56.9%
  15. Uttarakhand29.3%casual 13.2% · self-employed 57.6%
  16. Karnataka29.2%casual 23.4% · self-employed 47.4%
  17. Telangana27.1%casual 20.8% · self-employed 52.1%
  18. Manipur26.3%casual 6.5% · self-employed 67.2%
  19. Mizoram26.3%casual 9.1% · self-employed 64.6%
  20. Andhra Pradesh23.6%casual 29.8% · self-employed 46.6%
  21. Himachal Pradesh23.2%casual 9.2% · self-employed 67.7%
  22. Nagaland23.0%casual 9.7% · self-employed 67.3%
  23. Jammu & Kashmir22.4%casual 12.9% · self-employed 64.7%
  24. West Bengal22.3%casual 22.4% · self-employed 55.4%
  25. Ladakh21.7%casual 11.4% · self-employed 66.8%
  26. Arunachal Pradesh21.0%casual 7.1% · self-employed 71.8%
  27. Rajasthan18.1%casual 13.6% · self-employed 68.3%
  28. Assam17.9%casual 22.4% · self-employed 59.8%
  29. Chhattisgarh17.8%casual 18.9% · self-employed 63.3%
  30. Tripura17.3%casual 26.9% · self-employed 55.8%
  31. Meghalaya15.9%casual 39.1% · self-employed 44.9%
  32. Odisha15.0%casual 23.9% · self-employed 61.2%
  33. Uttar Pradesh14.9%casual 17.7% · self-employed 67.4%
  34. Madhya Pradesh14.1%casual 19.8% · self-employed 66.0%
  35. Jharkhand13.7%casual 18.2% · self-employed 68.0%
  36. Bihar12.0%casual 23.3% · self-employed 64.7%

MoSPI, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), usual status, via MoSPI's data service.

Who employs workers, 2025

All India, share of workers outside farming by type of enterprise.

  1. Proprietary and partnership73.1%
  2. Public/ private limited company11.7%
  3. Govt./local body/ public sector enterprises10.3%
  4. Employer’s households2.2%
  5. Trust/ other non profit inst1.3%
  6. Others0.9%
  7. Cooperative societies0.4%
  8. Autonomous bodies0.2%

MoSPI, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), usual status, via MoSPI's data service.

Conditions of regular salaried jobs

Share of regular employees without each benefit, all India, survey years July–June 2017-18 to 2023-24. In 2023-24, 39.6% had none of the three.

  • No written job contract
  • No paid leave
  • No social security
0%20%40%60%80%2017-182019-202021-222023-240%20%40%60%80%2017-182018-192019-202020-212021-222022-232023-24
Show as table
YearNo written job contractNo paid leaveNo social security
2017-1871.1%54.2%49.6%
2018-1969.5%53.8%51.9%
2019-2067.3%52.3%54.2%
2020-2164.3%47.9%53.8%
2021-2262.0%49.2%53.0%
2022-2358.6%46.8%53.9%
2023-2458.0%47.3%53.4%

MoSPI, Periodic Labour Force Survey annual reports (July–June years), via MoSPI's data service.

Earnings

Regular wage or salary, 2025
₹22,699
a month; women ₹18,353, men ₹24,217
Casual labour, 2025
₹453
a day; women ₹315, men ₹455
Self-employment, 2025
₹14,861
a month; women ₹6,374, men ₹17,914

Regular wage or salary, 2025

Average earnings in the previous calendar month from regular salaried work. ₹ a month.

  • Women
  • Men
  1. All IndiaWomen: ₹18,353 · Men: ₹24,217
  2. RuralWomen: ₹13,208 · Men: ₹19,300
  3. UrbanWomen: ₹21,653 · Men: ₹27,973
Show as table
WomenMen
All India₹18,353₹24,217
Rural₹13,208₹19,300
Urban₹21,653₹27,973

MoSPI, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), usual status, via MoSPI's data service.

Casual labour, 2025

Average earnings per day from casual work, other than public works. ₹ a day.

  • Women
  • Men
  1. All IndiaWomen: ₹315 · Men: ₹455
  2. RuralWomen: ₹305 · Men: ₹435
  3. UrbanWomen: ₹363 · Men: ₹552
Show as table
WomenMen
All India₹315₹455
Rural₹305₹435
Urban₹363₹552

MoSPI, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), usual status, via MoSPI's data service.

Self-employment, 2025

Average gross earnings over the last 30 days from self-employment. ₹ a month.

  • Women
  • Men
  1. All IndiaWomen: ₹6,374 · Men: ₹17,914
  2. RuralWomen: ₹5,540 · Men: ₹14,972
  3. UrbanWomen: ₹10,237 · Men: ₹26,094
Show as table
WomenMen
All India₹6,374₹17,914
Rural₹5,540₹14,972
Urban₹10,237₹26,094

MoSPI, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), usual status, via MoSPI's data service.

Earnings after inflation, 2022 to 2025

Change in average earnings, and the same after dividing by the average Consumer Price Index of each year (rural index for rural earnings, urban for urban, combined for all India). Worked out here from MoSPI's figures.

EarningsAreaIn rupeesPricesAfter inflation
Regular wage or salaryAll India17.5%13.3%3.7%
Regular wage or salaryRural17.7%13.7%3.6%
Regular wage or salaryUrban16.5%12.9%3.2%
Casual labourAll India14.8%13.3%1.3%
Casual labourRural13.3%13.7%−0.4%
Casual labourUrban17.0%12.9%3.6%
Self-employmentAll India16.7%13.3%3.0%
Self-employmentRural9.5%13.7%−3.7%
Self-employmentUrban25.2%12.9%10.9%

MoSPI, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), usual status, via MoSPI's data service. Consumer Price Index (base 2012): MoSPI.