India Data Review

Spending, investment and saving

GDP can also be measured by who spends it: households, government, investment in buildings and machinery, and the rest of the world. All shares are of GDP at current prices in the same year and estimate.

Household spending, 2024-25
56.9%
of GDP, new series (First Revised Estimate)
Investment rate, 2024-25
31.7%
fixed investment, % of GDP
Saving rate, 2024-25
34.7%
gross saving, % of GDP

Where GDP goes

Share of GDP. Net exports are exports minus imports; India usually imports more than it exports.

  • Household spending
  • Investment (fixed)
  • Government spending
  • Net exports
−20%0%20%40%60%80%2004-052011-122018-192025-26Global crisisCOVID-19−20%0%20%40%60%80%2001-022004-052007-082010-112013-142016-172019-202022-232025-26Global crisisCOVID-19
Show as table
YearHousehold spendingInvestment (fixed)Government spendingNet exports
2000-0163.7% (Back series)26.0% (Back series)11.9% (Back series)-0.9% (Back series)
2001-0264.1% (Back series)29.9% (Back series)11.8% (Back series)-0.9% (Back series)
2002-0363.0% (Back series)28.3% (Back series)11.3% (Back series)-1.0% (Back series)
2003-0461.5% (Back series)28.3% (Back series)10.9% (Back series)-0.7% (Back series)
2004-0558.4% (Back series)30.7% (Back series)10.4% (Back series)-1.8% (Back series)
2005-0657.4% (Back series)32.8% (Back series)10.4% (Back series)-2.8% (Back series)
2006-0756.1% (Back series)33.6% (Back series)9.8% (Back series)-3.2% (Back series)
2007-0855.8% (Back series)35.8% (Back series)9.9% (Back series)-4.1% (Back series)
2008-0956.7% (Back series)34.7% (Back series)10.5% (Back series)-5.2% (Back series)
2009-1056.0% (Back series)34.0% (Back series)11.5% (Back series)-5.5% (Back series)
2010-1154.7% (Back series)33.2% (Back series)11.0% (Back series)-4.5% (Back series)
2011-1256.2% (Additional revision)34.3% (Additional revision)11.1% (Additional revision)-6.5% (Additional revision)
2012-1356.5% (Additional revision)33.4% (Additional revision)10.7% (Additional revision)-6.7% (Additional revision)
2013-1457.6% (Additional revision)31.3% (Additional revision)10.3% (Additional revision)-3.0% (Additional revision)
2014-1558.1% (Third Revised Estimate)30.1% (Third Revised Estimate)10.4% (Third Revised Estimate)-3.0% (Third Revised Estimate)
2015-1659.0% (Third Revised Estimate)28.7% (Third Revised Estimate)10.4% (Third Revised Estimate)-2.3% (Third Revised Estimate)
2016-1759.3% (Third Revised Estimate)28.2% (Third Revised Estimate)10.3% (Third Revised Estimate)-1.8% (Third Revised Estimate)
2017-1858.7% (Third Revised Estimate)28.2% (Third Revised Estimate)10.8% (Third Revised Estimate)-3.2% (Third Revised Estimate)
2018-1959.3% (Third Revised Estimate)29.5% (Third Revised Estimate)10.8% (Third Revised Estimate)-3.8% (Third Revised Estimate)
2019-2060.9% (Third Revised Estimate)28.5% (Third Revised Estimate)11.0% (Third Revised Estimate)-2.6% (Third Revised Estimate)
2020-2161.1% (Third Revised Estimate)27.3% (Third Revised Estimate)11.6% (Third Revised Estimate)-0.4% (Third Revised Estimate)
2021-2261.0% (Second Revised Estimate)29.6% (Second Revised Estimate)10.5% (Second Revised Estimate)-2.6% (Second Revised Estimate)
2022-2361.5% (Final Estimate)31.2% (Final Estimate)10.3% (Final Estimate)-3.6% (Final Estimate)
2023-2460.2% (First Revised Estimate)30.4% (First Revised Estimate)10.3% (First Revised Estimate)-2.1% (First Revised Estimate)
2024-2561.4% (Provisional Estimate)29.9% (Provisional Estimate)10.0% (Provisional Estimate)-2.3% (Provisional Estimate)
2025-2661.5% (First Advance Estimate)30.0% (First Advance Estimate)9.9% (First Advance Estimate)-2.3% (First Advance Estimate)

MoSPI, 2011-12 base: back series to 2010-11, then the latest estimate. Shares do not add to 100: changes in stocks, valuables and a statistical discrepancy make up the rest.

Saving rate

Gross saving of the whole economy as a share of GDP.

0%10%20%30%40%2004-052011-122018-192025-260%10%20%30%40%2001-022004-052007-082010-112013-142016-172019-202022-232025-2630.737970428200022%
Show as table
YearGross saving
2000-0124.8% (Back series)
2001-0226.0% (Back series)
2002-0326.8% (Back series)
2003-0429.6% (Back series)
2004-0534.8% (Back series)
2005-0635.2% (Back series)
2006-0734.9% (Back series)
2007-0837.8% (Back series)
2008-0936.0% (Back series)
2009-1036.0% (Back series)
2010-1136.9% (Back series)
2011-1234.6% (Additional revision)
2012-1333.9% (Additional revision)
2013-1432.1% (Additional revision)
2014-1532.2% (Third Revised Estimate)
2015-1631.1% (Third Revised Estimate)
2016-1731.3% (Third Revised Estimate)
2017-1832.1% (Third Revised Estimate)
2018-1931.7% (Third Revised Estimate)
2019-2029.6% (Third Revised Estimate)
2020-2129.1% (Third Revised Estimate)
2021-2231.2% (Second Revised Estimate)
2022-2330.7% (Final Estimate)
2023-2430.7% (First Revised Estimate)
2024-25–
2025-26–

MoSPI, 2011-12 base: back series to 2010-11, then the latest estimate that includes saving.

Who invests

Fixed investment by sector, % of GDP. Households include small unincorporated businesses and farms.

  • Households
  • Private companies
  • Public sector companies
  • Government
0%5%10%15%20%2011-122015-162019-202023-240%5%10%15%20%2011-122013-142015-162017-182019-202021-222023-24
Show as table
YearHouseholdsPrivate companiesPublic sector companiesGovernment
2011-1215.7% (Additional revision)11.2% (Additional revision)3.9% (Additional revision)3.5% (Additional revision)
2012-1314.6% (Additional revision)11.8% (Additional revision)3.6% (Additional revision)3.4% (Additional revision)
2013-1412.5% (Additional revision)11.7% (Additional revision)3.6% (Additional revision)3.5% (Additional revision)
2014-1512.1% (Third Revised Estimate)11.0% (Third Revised Estimate)3.5% (Third Revised Estimate)3.5% (Third Revised Estimate)
2015-169.4% (Third Revised Estimate)11.9% (Third Revised Estimate)3.8% (Third Revised Estimate)3.6% (Third Revised Estimate)
2016-1710.3% (Third Revised Estimate)11.0% (Third Revised Estimate)3.2% (Third Revised Estimate)3.7% (Third Revised Estimate)
2017-1811.3% (Third Revised Estimate)10.2% (Third Revised Estimate)3.1% (Third Revised Estimate)3.6% (Third Revised Estimate)
2018-1912.1% (Third Revised Estimate)10.3% (Third Revised Estimate)3.5% (Third Revised Estimate)3.5% (Third Revised Estimate)
2019-2011.2% (Third Revised Estimate)10.8% (Third Revised Estimate)3.0% (Third Revised Estimate)3.5% (Third Revised Estimate)
2020-2110.7% (Third Revised Estimate)10.0% (Third Revised Estimate)2.8% (Third Revised Estimate)3.9% (Third Revised Estimate)
2021-2212.5% (Second Revised Estimate)10.4% (Second Revised Estimate)3.0% (Second Revised Estimate)3.7% (Second Revised Estimate)
2022-2313.4% (Final Estimate)11.2% (Final Estimate)3.0% (Final Estimate)3.6% (Final Estimate)
2023-2412.7% (First Revised Estimate)10.1% (First Revised Estimate)3.7% (First Revised Estimate)4.0% (First Revised Estimate)

MoSPI, gross fixed capital formation by institutional sector, 2011-12 base, latest estimate with the split.

Who saves

Gross saving by sector, % of GDP. Government saving is below zero when it borrows for day-to-day spending.

  • Households
  • Private companies
  • Public sector companies
  • Government
−10%0%10%20%30%2011-122015-162019-202023-24−10%0%10%20%30%2011-122013-142015-162017-182019-202021-222023-24
Show as table
YearHouseholdsPrivate companiesPublic sector companiesGovernment
2011-1223.6% (Additional revision)9.5% (Additional revision)3.4% (Additional revision)-1.8% (Additional revision)
2012-1322.5% (Additional revision)10.0% (Additional revision)3.0% (Additional revision)-1.6% (Additional revision)
2013-1420.3% (Additional revision)10.7% (Additional revision)2.6% (Additional revision)-1.5% (Additional revision)
2014-1519.6% (Third Revised Estimate)11.7% (Third Revised Estimate)2.4% (Third Revised Estimate)-1.4% (Third Revised Estimate)
2015-1618.0% (Third Revised Estimate)11.9% (Third Revised Estimate)2.4% (Third Revised Estimate)-1.2% (Third Revised Estimate)
2016-1718.1% (Third Revised Estimate)11.5% (Third Revised Estimate)2.5% (Third Revised Estimate)-0.8% (Third Revised Estimate)
2017-1819.3% (Third Revised Estimate)11.2% (Third Revised Estimate)2.8% (Third Revised Estimate)-1.2% (Third Revised Estimate)
2018-1920.3% (Third Revised Estimate)10.5% (Third Revised Estimate)2.3% (Third Revised Estimate)-1.4% (Third Revised Estimate)
2019-2019.1% (Third Revised Estimate)10.2% (Third Revised Estimate)3.0% (Third Revised Estimate)-2.8% (Third Revised Estimate)
2020-2122.7% (Third Revised Estimate)10.5% (Third Revised Estimate)2.6% (Third Revised Estimate)-6.7% (Third Revised Estimate)
2021-2220.1% (Second Revised Estimate)11.2% (Second Revised Estimate)2.8% (Second Revised Estimate)-3.0% (Second Revised Estimate)
2022-2318.6% (Final Estimate)11.0% (Final Estimate)3.0% (Final Estimate)-1.9% (Final Estimate)
2023-2418.1% (First Revised Estimate)10.7% (First Revised Estimate)2.9% (First Revised Estimate)-0.9% (First Revised Estimate)

MoSPI, gross saving by institutional sector, 2011-12 base, latest estimate with the split.